Energy and Environment News Roundup – 7.17.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

COAL 

World Bank to limit financing of coal-fired plants (via Reuters)

ENERGY POLICY 

Power plants face “collision course” with water, researchers say (via Houston Chronicle)

States file lawsuit against EPA over “sue and settle” strategy (via The Hill)

NATURAL GAS 

China in $5 billion drive to develop disputed East China Sea natural gas (via Reuters)

Brussels says no plans for EU-wide shale gas ban (via Phys.org)

California seeks record fine in PG&E San Bruno pipeline explosion (via Houston Chronicle)

RENEWABLES 

Thailand boosts renewable energy goal to 13.9GW (via Recharge)

Dutch push back 2020 renewable energy targets (via Recharge)

New crystals yield solar power breakthrough (via BBC News)

Study says renewables more water-friendly than carbon capture (via Houston Chronicle)

US ranchers round up the power of the Sun (via Renewable Energy World)

Renewable energy survives ALEC’s attack in states, grows stronger (via Sustainable Business)

US oil executive says biofuel credits “out of control,” urges action (via Globe and Mail)

Xcel to boost its wind power in Upper Midwest by 600MW (via Minnesota Star-Tribune)

Proposed wind farm could double South Dakota’s wind capacity (via Argus-Leader)

KEYSTONE XL 

Report: Keystone XL will hike gasoline prices for some US drivers (via Houston Chronicle)

Keystone’s public comments reveal economic woes of small towns (via InsideClimate News)

GRID 

Demand response programs will reach nearly 22 million sites worldwide by 2020 (via Navigant Research)

Battery seen as way to cut heat-related power losses on grid (via New York Times)

Reconnecting buildings to the grid (via Navigant Research)

EMISSIONS 

EU and Australia set to accelerate emissions trading links (via RTCC)

UK government promises electricity market reform to cut cost of decarbonization (via BusinessGreen)

ExxonMobil, PG&E fined for violating California emissions reporting rule (via Los Angeles Times)

Cement industry cuts carbon emissions 17% (via Environmental Leader)

Policies using carbon capture and storage in soil are too costly, say experts (via Phys.org)

OIL 

Capacity at existing US oil refineries increases in 2013 (via US EIA)

Refinery receipts of crude oil by rail, truck, and barge continue to increase (via US EIA)

TRANSPORTATION 

Honda seeks mass-market fuel cell car by 2020 (via Wall Street Journal)

AAA: $3 gasoline “a thing of the past” (via The Hill)

US House votes to keep $25 billion DOE advanced-powertrain loan program open (via Autoblog Green)

CLIMATE 

Thousands of years of rising seas (via MIT Technology Review)

Scientists predict looming climate shift: will ocean heat come back to haunt us again? (via Climate Progress)

More New Jersey homeowners targeted for flood buyouts (via Philadelphia Inquirer/AP)

Koch Brothers use Web to take on media reports they dispute (via Washington Post)

GREEN BUSINESS 

Ceres, ICCR draft blueprint for sustainable investing (via GreenBiz)

Investment funds divested from fossil fuels “will perform better” (via Energy Collective)

LEED brings Cradle-to-Cradle into green building certification (via GreenBiz)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

The big book of building energy data, 2008-2012 (via Greentech Media)

EPEAT adds green ratings to mobile phones (via GreenBiz)

POLITICS 

Climate policy is dominating the Australian election (via Grist)

Senate advancing federal flood insurance reform bill (via Washington Post)

OPINION 

Australia’s carbon mess a warning to the world (via Reuters)

Can Jim Yong Kim end World Bank backing for coal-fired power? (via The Guardian)

Costs of climate change and extreme weather pass the high-water mark (via Time)

Why don’t farmers believe in climate change? (via Slate)

Did US carbon emissions bottom in 2012 or will they fall 20% by 2020? (via Facts of the Day)

As solar panel efficiencies keep improving, it’s time to adopt new metrics (via Forbes)

Energy and Environment News Roundup – 5.24.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

COAL 

Chinese coal demand falling as Pacific Northwest considers export terminals (via Bellingham Herald)

ENVIRONMENT 

World faces “self-inflicted” water shortages within a generation (via BusinessGreen)

NOAA predicts between 7-11 Atlantic hurricanes for US in 2013 (via Reuters)

Study finds amphibians declining at alarming rate around US (via Washington Post)

TAR SANDS/KEYSTONE XL 

Quebec to do own review of Enbridge pipeline project (via Reuters)

Keystone makes TransCanada more cautious about future US forays, say execs (via The Tyee)

Environmental movement goes from Beltway to grassroots to defeat Keystone (via InsideClimate News)

First 100,000 Keystone comments posted by State Department reveal intensity of fight (via The Hill)

RENEWABLES 

Solar PV market to boom, reach $155 billion by 2018 (via Energy Manager Today)

EU denies breakdown in solar panel talks (via Reuters)

US offshore wind fact sheet (via Greentech Media)

Minnesota’s new solar law: looking beyond percentages (via Midwest Energy News)

EMISSIONS 

Researchers say carbon capture in Europe a “farce” (via BusinessGreen)

Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture increased 13% from 1990-2010 (via Farmers Guardian)

Higher emissions linked to coal-fired power plants in Texas and other states (via Houston Chronicle)

Seven thrilling facts about carbon taxes from the CBO (via Washington Post)

CLIMATE 

Russia evacuates Arctic research station as ice below melts (via Phys.org)

Will great wines be a moveable feat in a warming climate?pol (via ClimateWire)

The 10 best cities to ride out climate change (via Grist)

Tesla CEO Musk: “reframe” climate argument (via The Hill)

Gov. Christie’s climate change remarks get him in hot water with infrastructure experts (via ClimateWire)

NATURAL GAS/FRACKING 

Germany brewers warn fracking could hurt beer industry (via Reuters)

FracFocus drillers’ registry to create US chemicals database (via Houston Chronicle)

Senators, environmental groups spar on fracking (via The Hill)

GRID 

Microgrids: a utility’s best friend or worst enemy? (via Greentech Media)

Can energy storage make wind and solar energy as reliable as coal? (via Energy Collective)

PG&E, California Energy Commission launch 4MW energy storage pilot (via Green Car Congress)

GREEN BUSINESS 

New global sustainability reporting guidelines focus on material issues (via Bloomberg BNA)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

Buildings in national efficiency challenge cut energy use, save $58 million (via Milwaukee Journal Sentinel)

Seattle municipal efficiency measures save $1.25 million (via Energy Manager Today)

TRANSPORTATION 

Merger will create world’s largest EV driver community (via EarthTechling)

POLITICS 

Billionaire’s super PAC on offense in Massachusetts (via Politico)

OPINION 

A mission on climate change (via Washington Post)

Germany must curb runaway retail prices for sake of green power (via Reuters)

Why we need competitive electricity markets (via Grist)

Tornadoes were just the beginning – this hurricane season is going to be stormy (via Time)

Energy and Environment News Roundup – 5.16.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

CLIMATE 

Survey finds 97% of climate science papers agree global warming is man-made (via The Guardian)

North Pole wanders, thanks to climate change (via Grist)

GAO: Feds should improve help to local governments on climate change (via The Hill)

Climate-related disasters cost American taxpayers $96 billion last year (via Grist) 

ConocoPhillips CEO: humans accelerating climate change (via Houston Chronicle)

SEC upholds shareholder vote on efficiency measure over climate concerns (via InsideClimate News)

TRANSPORTATION 

Tesla could raise $830M through new stock offering (via GigaOm)

DOE to award $62.5M over 5 years to accelerate development of next-generation EV batteries (via Green Car Congress)

Ford taps AeroVironment for home-charging systems (via Autoblog Green)

RENEWABLES 

China says EU solar duties to “seriously harm” trade ties (via Reuters)

Brazil auction rules may boost price of cheap wind power (via Bloomberg)

UK offshore wind body starts work (via Recharge)

US holds tests to solve wind farm effects on radar (via Airport World)

Which states use the most green energy? (via Mother Jones)

Study: doubling wind will cut rates for PJM customers (via Greentech Media)

Solar carve-out wins another vote in Minnesota (via Solar Industry Magazine)

NATURAL GAS/FRACKING 

Mexico debates opening its doors for shale development (via Houston Chronicle)

Quebec proposes law to ban fracking (via Houston Chronicle)

Floating terminals are wave of the future for LNG (via Houston Chronicle)

Survey finds fracking brings economic boost, concerns over environmental risks (via Phys.org)

Compromise reached on Illinois fracking legislation (via Chicago Tribune)

OIL 

Inquiry on potential oil price manipulation intensifies (via New York Times)

Transocean to see a dust-up at annual shareholder meeting (via Houston Chronicle)

ENVIRONMENT 

Arctic Council sets 2015 goal for climate pact (via Politico)

Canada pushes development as it takes over Arctic Council (via Phys.org)

GRID 

PJM has 11.2GW of demand response for this summer (via Renew Grid)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

Major business group backs Shaheen-Portman energy efficiency plan (via The Hill)

EMISSIONS 

Good news, bad news from new EIA emissions analysis (via Climate Central)

California governor proposes to borrow $500M from cap-and-trade revenue (via ClimateWire)

POLITICS 

Harper seeks to build Keystone XL support on US visit (via Bloomberg)

After upset British Columbia election, tar sands route to Pacific still open (via InsideClimate News)

First green party candidate elected to British Columbia legislature (via Yahoo! News)

OPINION 

3 reasons PG&E is reaching its California solar initiative targets (via Greentech Media)

Utilities vs. rooftop solar: what the fight is about (via Grist)

Three recommendations for the new US-China climate change working group (via Huffington Post)

How New York Times, NPR, and Wall Street Journal print fossil fuel talking points without full disclosure (via Climate Progress)

Climate hawks should aggressively support America COMPETES act (via Innovation Files)

The economic case for divesting from fossil fuels (via Renewable Energy World)

Energy and Environment News Roundup – 5.16.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

CLIMATE 

Survey finds 97% of climate science papers agree global warming is man-made (via The Guardian)

North Pole wanders, thanks to climate change (via Grist)

GAO: Feds should improve help to local governments on climate change (via The Hill)

Climate-related disasters cost American taxpayers $96 billion last year (via Grist) 

ConocoPhillips CEO: humans accelerating climate change (via Houston Chronicle)

SEC upholds shareholder vote on efficiency measure over climate concerns (via InsideClimate News)

TRANSPORTATION 

Tesla could raise $830M through new stock offering (via GigaOm)

DOE to award $62.5M over 5 years to accelerate development of next-generation EV batteries (via Green Car Congress)

Ford taps AeroVironment for home-charging systems (via Autoblog Green)

RENEWABLES 

China says EU solar duties to “seriously harm” trade ties (via Reuters)

Brazil auction rules may boost price of cheap wind power (via Bloomberg)

UK offshore wind body starts work (via Recharge)

US holds tests to solve wind farm effects on radar (via Airport World)

Which states use the most green energy? (via Mother Jones)

Study: doubling wind will cut rates for PJM customers (via Greentech Media)

Solar carve-out wins another vote in Minnesota (via Solar Industry Magazine)

NATURAL GAS/FRACKING 

Mexico debates opening its doors for shale development (via Houston Chronicle)

Quebec proposes law to ban fracking (via Houston Chronicle)

Floating terminals are wave of the future for LNG (via Houston Chronicle)

Survey finds fracking brings economic boost, concerns over environmental risks (via Phys.org)

Compromise reached on Illinois fracking legislation (via Chicago Tribune)

OIL 

Inquiry on potential oil price manipulation intensifies (via New York Times)

Transocean to see a dust-up at annual shareholder meeting (via Houston Chronicle)

ENVIRONMENT 

Arctic Council sets 2015 goal for climate pact (via Politico)

Canada pushes development as it takes over Arctic Council (via Phys.org)

GRID 

PJM has 11.2GW of demand response for this summer (via Renew Grid)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

Major business group backs Shaheen-Portman energy efficiency plan (via The Hill)

EMISSIONS 

Good news, bad news from new EIA emissions analysis (via Climate Central)

California governor proposes to borrow $500M from cap-and-trade revenue (via ClimateWire)

POLITICS 

Harper seeks to build Keystone XL support on US visit (via Bloomberg)

After upset British Columbia election, tar sands route to Pacific still open (via InsideClimate News)

First green party candidate elected to British Columbia legislature (via Yahoo! News)

OPINION 

3 reasons PG&E is reaching its California solar initiative targets (via Greentech Media)

Utilities vs. rooftop solar: what the fight is about (via Grist)

Three recommendations for the new US-China climate change working group (via Huffington Post)

How New York Times, NPR, and Wall Street Journal print fossil fuel talking points without full disclosure (via Climate Progress)

Climate hawks should aggressively support America COMPETES act (via Innovation Files)

The economic case for divesting from fossil fuels (via Renewable Energy World)

Energy and Environment News Roundup – 4.5.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

ENERGY POLICY 

German net power exports quadrupled in 2012 (via Recharge)

US Air Force releases strategic energy plan (via Sustainable Business)

NATURAL GAS/FRACKING 

US proposal to move fracking wastewater by barge stirs debate (via Reuters)

GE to build $110 million fracking research center in Oklahoma (via Environmental Leader)

Frackers are losing $1.5 billion yearly to leaks (via Mother Jones)

RARE EARTHS 

Discovery of rare earth metals in ocean mud could help Japan (via Autoblog Green)

RENEWABLES 

Germany’s offshore wind industry finally taking off (via Recharge)

Solar milestone: 1 million PV systems installed in Australia (via Renew Economy)

Merkel losing allies in $700 billion shift to renewables (via Bloomberg)

IRS and renewable energy finance: the waiting game (via Energy Trends Insider)

US renews funding for biofuels research centers (via Detroit News)

Are feed-in tariffs a “subsidy” for a small group of utility customers? (via Midwest Energy News)

PG&E cancels California solar power contracts with BrightSource (via Bloomberg)

ALEC-sponsored bill to repeal North Carolina’s renewable energy standard narrowly passes out of committee (via Climate Progress)

OIL 

Feds add teeth to offshore drilling safety mandates (via Houston Chronicle)

Gulf oil spill killed millions of microscopic creatures at base of food chain (via Tampa Bay Times)

Texas refinery is Saudi foothold in US market (via New York Times)

Arkansas AG sets deadline for Exxon to produce oil spill documents (via CTV/AP)

Arkansas oil spill sheds light on aging pipeline system (via NPR)

TRANSPORTATION 

UK fuel sales plummet as motorists embrace efficiency (via BusinessGreen)

Nearly 200,000 plug-in EVs equipped with vehicle-to-building technology will be sold through 2020 (via Navigant Research)

Placement of quick charge stations key to eliminating range anxiety (via Plugin Cars)

Proposed gasoline pollution rules fuel air quality debate (via Houston Chronicle)

US drivers could see “significantly lower” gas prices this summer (via NBC News)

Chevy Volt pounds another nail in the coffin of range anxiety (via CleanTechnica)

Chevy Volt fleet racks up 150 million electric-powered miles (via Autoblog Green)

Fisker, A123 settle $140 million supply claims for just $15 million (via Autoblog Green)

A new electric car with an old name (via New York Times)

KEYSTONE XL/TAR SANDS 

Alberta mulls tougher carbon rules on oil (via Reuters)

Groups ask State Department for 120-day comment period on Keystone pipeline (via InsideClimate News)

Alberta premier heads to DC to press Keystone pipeline (via The Hill)

Environmentalists hope spill will turn Americans against Keystone (via Washington Post)

CLIMATE 

New culprit in sea-level rise: Arctic clouds (via Grist)

Colombia blazes a trail for smaller nations to fight global warming (via ClimateWire)

1,600 years of glaciers in Andes melted in 25 years (via New York Times)

Federal study: global warming means stronger extreme rains (via The Hill)

In wake of Sandy, NOAA alters hurricane warning policy (via Climate Central)

Federal government projects climate change will double wildfire risk in forests (via Denver Post)

EMISSIONS 

Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions declined in 2012 (via US EIA)

Mushrooms could be key to safe and natural carbon sequestration (via CleanTechnica)

GRID 

GE energy storage system makes UK debut (via Recharge)

Solar decathlon homes form microgrid village in Missouri (via Phys.org)

COAL 

Coal exports: two weeks of good news (via Sightline Daily)

Nevada utility to shut out coal, embrace renewables (via Renewable Energy World)

GREEN BUSINESS 

How Proctor & Gamble created $1 billion in value with waste (via Greentech Media)

Shell’s VC fund looks to green the fossil fuel business (via Greentech Media)

Employees take corporate sustainability efforts home, study says (via Environmental Leader)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY 

New technology could cut efficiency audit costs 75% (via Greentech Media)

OPINION 

BrightSource’s cancelled projects highlight hurdles for desert solar thermal plants (via GigaOm)

Is China’s State Grid too big to work? (via Recharge)

RPS attacks go against the march of history (via Renewable Energy World)

More renewables for states (via Politico)

Methane leaks are undermining the shale-gas boom. Here’s how to fix that. (via Politico)

Keystone XL: the pipeline to disaster (via Los Angeles Times) 

OTHER NEWS 

An additional roundup of energy and climate news is posted at Climate Progress

Energy and Environment News Roundup – 3.14.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

ENERGY POLICY

US poised to become net energy exporter, Exxon Mobil forecasts (via Houston Chronicle)

Cities weigh taking electricity business from private utilities (via New York Times)

EPA reverses stance on polluting Texas water after a powerful lobbyist intervenes (via ProPublica)

West Virginia state legislation would prohibit heavy EPA fines (via Register-Herald)

GRID

Germany debates €10 billion grid network upgrade (via Recharge)

Silver Springs Networks’ stock jumps up close to 30% in debut (via GigaOm)

In wake of Sandy, Connecticut expands microgrid program (via Pike Research)

RENEWABLES

$71 trillion in institutional funds for wind, solar, and smart grid? (via Greentech Media)

US approves 1.1GW of solar and wind projects (via Recharge)

SEIA reports 76% surge in US solar installations (via New York Times)

FERC, US Coast Guard to coordinate development of hydrokinetic projects (via Renew Grid)

FERC proposes reforms to speed interconnection of renewables, solar (via Greentech Media)

North Carolina offshore wind draws interest (via Recharge)

New York State could run on wind, water, and sunlight (via CleanTechnica)

PG&E solar billing named in California’s top utility “money wasters” (via PV Tech)

NATURAL GAS/FRACKING

Three hurdles for Japan’s gas “discovery” (via GigaOm)

Saudi Arabia’s shale plans may be slowed by lack of water (via Bloomberg)

USC says fracking may boost California economy 14% (via Bloomberg)

New York State farmers learn fracking many mean drilling if neighbors agree (via Bloomberg)

Illinois House Speaker supports two-year fracking moratorium (via State Journal-Register/AP)

SandRidge strikes deal that could lead to CEO’s removal (via Reuters)

EMISSIONS

Help Henry Waxman write a new carbon-tax bill (via Grist)

Second US carbon tax plan mooted (via RTCC)

KEYSTONE XL/TAR SANDS

Obama: pipeline decision coming soon (via The Hill)

State Department report OK’ing Keystone XL linked to oil industry (via Salon)

American pipeline will diminish energy security, prominent Canadian says (via InsideClimate News)

Keystone XL pipeline report studied British Columbia scenarios (via Huffington Post)

Obama says Keystone XL pipeline not major jobs creator (via CTV News)

Dilbit sinks in Enbridge oil spill, but floats in its lab study (via InsideClimate News)

OIL

US oil boom protects world from supply shocks (via Reuters)

OPEC: non-OPEC supply cutting into market share (via MarketWatch)

US refiners may boost gasoline exports on ethanol rule (via Reuters)

Study: shale oil contributed $30.4 billion to North Dakota’s economy in 2011 (via Bismarck Tribune)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

US energy efficiency league tables revealed (via RTCC)

LA tops US cities for Energy Star-certified buildings (via Sustainable Business)

SXSW: using Big Data to shrink energy waste (via Time)

Conservatives vs. liberals: who wastes more electricity? (via Grist)

Does daylight saving time save energy? (via Pike Research)

GREEN BUSINESS

Sustainability reporting slowly increases in China, report finds (via Environmental Leader)

Google incorporates green roofs into headquarters expansion (via GreenBiz)

COAL

Is there value in old coal-fired power plants? (via Midwest Energy News/ClimateWire)

Mountaintop removal coal mining poisoning Appalachia’s waterways (via Huffington Post)

CLIMATE

Large fractures spotted in vulnerable Arctic sea ice (via Climate Central)

Climate change affects mountain forests (via Phys.org)

After 2012 drought, US farmers adapt for climate change (via Phys.org)

Inslee’s climate change bill passes Washington state senate (via Seattle Times)

TRANSPORTATION

EV project tells us how drivers use electric cars (via Green Car Reports)

FAA approves Boeing Dreamliner battery tests (via Environmental Leader)

Minnesota sales of electric, gas vehicles collide (via Star-Tribune)

NUCLEAR

Obama administration placing big bet on small reactors (via Greenwire)

Above-normal outage of US nuclear capacity persist at start of 2013 (via US EIA)

Savannah River site could store nuclear waste, says study (via Charlotte Observer)

ENVIRONMENT

Dozens of species given new trade protections (via New York Times)

POLITICS

Obama to supporters: give lawmakers political cover on climate change (via The Hill)

Ryan budget pan calls two solar projects “ill-fated” – but they’re doing fine (via Washington Post)

OPINION

Renewable energy boom dependent on new energy infrastructure (via Renewable Energy World)

Obama and Keystone: reading the tea leaves (via Washington Post)

Can better solar loans slow the surge of third-party ownership? (via Greentech Media)

Five reasons why a successful Silver Springs IPO is important (via GigaOm)

Energy and Environment News Roundup – 1.31.13

A daily roundup of the most important energy, environment, and climate news from around the world.

GRID 

Transmission and distribution equipment market to more than double by 2020 (via Renew Grid)

Utilities spent $14 billion worldwide on smart grid tech in 2012 (via Renew Grid)

Honeywell and Opower team up on smart energy (via GreenBiz)

PG&E gears up for final push on smart meters (via Bakersfield Californian)

EMISSIONS 

Oil and gas majors at risk from “unburnable” reserves if emissions targets enforced (via GreenBiz)

Fossil fuel divestment “virtually risk free” (via Environmental Leader)

Divesting from fossil-fuel companies unlikely to harm endowments (via Chronicle of Higher Education)

Three things to know about British Columbia’s carbon tax – in pictures (via Sightline Daily)

RENEWABLES 

Global offshore wind market “set for 55GW by 2020” (via Recharge)

Smoggy China to seek more solar power (via EarthTechling)

Spain’s monthly wind power tops 6 terawatt hours for first time (via Bloomberg)

Saudi Arabia completes biggest solar power plant (via Bloomberg)

Facing expiring tax credit, US wind industry posts record 13GW year (via The Hill)

Renewable energy industries push for new financing opinions (via New York Times)

Wind, solar groups quit ALEC as group targets clean energy programs (via Greenwire)

Wind power to shave $1 million off Ohio State University electricity bill (via Triple Pundit)

OIL 

Satellite analysis shows Gulf oil spills typically underestimated (via Yale e360)

CLIMATE 

Humans have already set in motion 69 feet of sea level rise (via Mother Jones)

Growing palm oil for biofuels could speed up climate change (via Reuters)

Butterflies booking it north as climate warms (via Mother Jones)

Three states pushing ALEC bill to require teaching climate change denial in schools (via DeSmog Blog)

NUCLEAR 

Report: Georgia nuclear power plant could be Solyndra redux (via Christian Science Monitor)

TRANSPORTATION 

EPA plan to cut sulfur in gasoline on track for March launch (via Houston Chronicle)

Hagel endorses ban on high-carbon fuel use for Department of Defense (via The Hill)

Boeing Dreamliner batteries said to fail 10 times before incident (via Bloomberg)

TAR SANDS/KEYSTONE XL 

Pressure builds for Obama to link tar sands pipelines to climate change (via InsideClimate News)

ENVIRONMENT 

Five sobering realities about global water security (via WRI Insights)

Thousands evacuated as flooding hits Eastern Australia (via Bloomberg)

POLITICS 

McCarthy not discussing EPA plans (via Politico)

OPINION 

Obama talks climate change, California acts on it (via Time)

The cost of not using renewable energy (via Grist)